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Blackboard bold is a style of writing Emphasis (typography), bold symbols on a blackboard by doubling certain strokes, commonly used in mathematical lectures, and the derived style of typeface used in printed mathematical texts. The style is most commonly used to represent the Set (mathematics)#Special sets of numbers in mathematics, number sets \N (natural numbers), \Z (integers), \Q (rational numbers), \R (real numbers), and \C (complex numbers). To imitate a bold typeface on a typewriter, a character can be typed over itself (called ''double-striking''); symbols thus produced are called double-struck, and this name is sometimes adopted for blackboard bold symbols, for instance in Unicode glyph names. In typography, a typeface with characters that are not solid is called ''inline'', ''handtooled'', or ''open face''. History Traditionally, various symbols were indicated by boldface in print but on blackboards and in manuscript (publishing), manuscripts "by wavy underscoring, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blackboard Bold On A Blackboard
A blackboard or a chalkboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made with sticks of calcium sulphate or calcium carbonate, better known as chalk. Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey slate stone. Design A blackboard can simply be a board painted with a dark matte (surface), matte paint (usually black, occasionally dark green). Matte black plastic sign material (known as closed-cell PVC foamboard) is also used to create custom chalkboard art. Blackboards on an A-frame are used by restaurants and bars to advertise daily specials. Adhesive chalkboard surface is also available in stores as rolls of textured black plastic shelf covering, which is applied to the desired wall, door or other surface. A more modern variation consists of a coiled sheet of plastic drawn across two parallel rollers, which can be scrolled to create additional writing space while saving what has been written. The highest grade blackboards ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boldface
In typography, emphasis is the strengthening of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text, to highlight them. It is the equivalent of prosody stress in speech. Methods and use The most common methods in Western typography fall under the general technique of emphasis through a change or modification of font: ''italics'', boldface and . Other methods include the alteration of LETTER CASE and as well as color and *additional graphic marks*. Font styles and variants The human eye is very receptive to differences in "brightness within a text body." Therefore, one can differentiate between types of emphasis according to whether the emphasis changes the " blackness" of text, sometimes referred to as typographic color. A means of emphasis that does not have much effect on blackness is the use of ''italics'', where the text is written in a script style, or '' oblique'', where the vertical orientation of each letter of the text is slanted to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AMS-TeX
AMS-LaTeX is a collection of LaTeX document classes and packages developed for the American Mathematical Society (AMS). Its additions to LaTeX include the typesetting of multi-line and other mathematical statements, document classes, and fonts containing numerous mathematical symbols. It has largely superseded the plain TeX macro package AMS-TeX. AMS-TeX was originally written by Michael Spivak, and was used by the AMS from 1983 to 1985. MathJax supports AMS-LaTeX through extensions. The following code of the LaTeX2e produces the AMS-LaTeX logo: %%% -- AMS-LaTeX_logo.tex ------- \documentclass \usepackage \begin \AmS-\LaTeX \end The package has a suite of facilities to format multi-line equations. For example, the following code, \begin y &= (x+1)^2 \\ &= x^2+2x+1 \end causes the equals signs in the two lines to be aligned with one another, like this: : \begin y &= (x+1)^2 \\ &= x^2+2x+1 \end AMS-LaTeX also includes many flexible co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Mathematical Society
The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship, and serves the national and international community through its publications, meetings, advocacy and other programs. The society is one of the four parts of the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics and a member of the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. History The AMS was founded in 1888 as the New York Mathematical Society, the brainchild of Thomas Fiske, who was impressed by the London Mathematical Society on a visit to England. John Howard Van Amringe became the first president while Fiske became secretary. The society soon decided to publish a journal, but ran into some resistance over concerns about competing with the '' American Journal of Mathematics''. The result was the ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', with Fiske as editor-in-chief. The de facto journal, as intended, was influentia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The TeXbook
''Computers and Typesetting'' is a 5-volume set of books by Donald Knuth published in 1986 describing the TeX and Metafont systems for digital typography. Knuth's computers and typesetting project was the result of his frustration with the lack of decent software for the typesetting of mathematical and technical documents. The results of this project include TeX for typesetting, Metafont for font construction and the Computer Modern typefaces that are the default fonts used by TeX. In the series of five books Knuth not only describes the TeX and Metafont languages (volumes A and C), he also describes and documents the source code (in the WEB programming language) of the TeX and Metafont interpreters (volumes B and D), and the source code for the Computer Modern fonts used by TeX (volume E). The book set stands as a tour de force demonstration of literate programming Literate programming (LP) is a programming paradigm introduced in 1984 by Donald Knuth in which a computer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Modern
Computer Modern is the original family of typefaces used by the typesetting program TeX. It was created by Donald Knuth with his Metafont program, and was most recently updated in 1992. Computer Modern and its variants remain very widely used in scientific publishing, especially in disciplines that make frequent use of mathematical notation. Design Computer Modern is a "Didone (typography), Didone", or modern serif font, a genre that emerged in the late 18th century as a contrast to the more organic designs that preceded them. Didone fonts have high contrast between thick and thin elements, and their axis of "stress" or thickening is perfectly vertical. Computer Modern was specifically based on the 10 point size of the American Monotype Corporation, Lanston Monotype Company's Modern Extended 8A, part of a family Monotype originally released in 1896. This was one of many modern faces issued by typefounders and Monotype around this period, and the standard style for body text print ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Knuth
Donald Ervin Knuth ( ; born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is the 1974 recipient of the ACM Turing Award, informally considered the Nobel Prize of computer science. Knuth has been called the "father of the analysis of algorithms". Knuth is the author of the multi-volume work '' The Art of Computer Programming''. He contributed to the development of the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. In the process, he also popularized the asymptotic notation. In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces. As a writer and scholar, Knuth created the WEB and CWEB computer programming systems des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley (), is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials. The company was founded in 1807 and produces books, journals, and encyclopedias, in print and electronically, as well as online products and services, training materials, and educational materials for undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education students. History The company was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop in Manhattan. The company was the publisher of 19th century American literary figures like James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe, as well as of legal, religious, and other non-fiction titles. The firm took its current name in 1865. Wiley later shifted its focus to scientific, technical, and engineering subject areas, abandoning its literary interests. Wiley's son John (born in Flatbush, New York, October 4, 1808; died in East ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shlomo Sternberg
Shlomo Zvi Sternberg (January 20, 1936 – August 23, 2024) was an American mathematician known for his work in geometry, particularly symplectic geometry and Lie theory. He also wrote some well-known textbooks. Education and career Sternberg earned his PhD in 1955 from Johns Hopkins University, with a thesis entitled ''Some Problems in Discrete Nonlinear Transformations in One and Two Dimensions'', supervised by Aurel Wintner. After postdoctoral work at New York University (1956–1957) and an instructorship at University of Chicago (1957–1959), Sternberg joined the Mathematics Department at Harvard University in 1959, where he was George Putnam Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics until 2017. Since 2017, he was Emeritus Professor at the Harvard Mathematics Department. Sternberg was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1974 and an honorary doctorate by the University of Mannheim in 1991. He delivered the AMS Colloquium Lecture in 1990 and the Hebrew University's Alb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lynn Harold Loomis
__NOTOC__ Lynn Harold Loomis (April 25, 1915 – June 9, 1994) was an American mathematician working on analysis. Together with Hassler Whitney, he discovered the Loomis–Whitney inequality. Loomis received his PhD in 1942 from Harvard University under Salomon Bochner with thesis ''Some Studies on Simply-Connected Riemann Surfaces: I. The Problem of Imbedding II. Mapping on the Boundary for Two Classes of Surfaces''. After completing his PhD, Loomis was a professor at Radcliffe College and from 1949 at Harvard. From 1956, he was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Selected works Articles * * * * * *with Hassler Whitney: Books *''Introduction to Abstract Harmonic Analysis'', Van Nostrand 1953 *with Shlomo Sternberg Shlomo Zvi Sternberg (January 20, 1936 – August 23, 2024) was an American mathematician known for his work in geometry, particularly symplectic geometry and Lie theory. He also wrote some well-known textbooks. Education and career Ste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hugo Rossi
Hugo E. Rossi (born 1935) is an American mathematician working in complex analysis. Rossi graduated from the City College of New York with bachelor's degree in 1956, and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the master's degree in 1957, and received a Ph.D. under the supervision of Isadore Singer in 1960 (''Maximality of algebras of holomorphic functions''). In 1960 he became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and in the same year at Princeton University. In 1963 he became an associate professor and a professor at Brandeis University in 1966. After 11 years at Brandeis and two years as the department chair, he moved to the University of Utah in 1975, and he served as dean of the College of Science from 1987 to 1993. In 1989 Rossi went on temporary leave from his post as dean to serve as director of the National Cold Fusion Institute. Amid increasing concerns about the lack of conclusive results regarding cold fusion, Rossi resign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Gunning (mathematician)
Robert Clifford Gunning (born 27 November 1931) is an American mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, specializing in complex analysis, who introduced indigenous bundles. Education and career Gunning was born in Longmont, Colorado, and attended to high school in his hometown. In 1947 he was admitted into the University of Colorado, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1952. For his graduate studies he went to Princeton University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1955 under Salomon Bochner with thesis ''A classification of factors of automorphy''. He then taught at the University of Chicago and in 1956 as Higgins-Lecturer at Princeton University. At Princeton, Gunning became in 1957 assistant professor, in 1962 associate professor, and in 1966 professor. He was a visiting professor in São Paulo in 1958, Cambridge in 1959/60, Munich in 1967, Oxford in 1968, Boulder in 1970, and Los Angeles in 1972. Gunning is known as the author of important boo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
